Description uses sight, sounds, odors and whatever other sensory detail to let
the reader experience the situation under discussion. The audience here is more visual in
nature; also this method is good for the audience who needs to see the runaway, the
results of a failed experiment, or the nature of your alarm about a particular topic.
Illustration (exemplification) requires in-depth examples. Shows the reader
rather than tells. Most audience need a variety of illustration.
Definition specifies what, when, where, how and why of the topic under
consideration. If the audience does not know your topic, this is a must. Or if you are
trying to display your topic in an unusual manner, use definition.
Division attempts to sub-divide a complex topic. When addressing a complex
problem, many audiences will need the writer's aid. Break down the problem into smaller
more manageable parts.
Classification works by classifying the problem under discussion with others of
its kind. With an antagonistic audience or one who is unfamiliar with your topic, this
works well.
Comparison and contrast shows similarities and differences between two like
topics. Most audiences appreciate a well-developed compare/contrast paragraph (essay).
Analogy merges the familiar and the unfamiliar. Use for the audience who might be
intimidated by your topic. For example, you might draw an analogy between gene splicing
(your topic) and the cut/paste command on the computer. However your analogy must be
believable!
Cause and effect illustrates how something happened or what the consequences are.
Audiences of all types rely on this type of information.
Process analysis gives practical 'how to' information. If you are trying to show
your audience how to do something or how something works, this is a must.
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