REFERENCES
A bibliography, for APA, is a list of all the sources you quoted or paraphrased to prepare your
paper. You should arrange the bibliography in alphabetical order by the author’s last
name or, if there is no author, by the first main word of the title. You can ignore A,
And, and The in a title.
There are several bibliographic styles, and your instructor may prefer a specific one.
Be sure to find out what style you should use. Don’t mix styles, because you may
confuse your reader. The examples
in this bibliography are written in the American Psychological Association (APA) style,
which is commonly used in psychology and other social sciences. The rules for creating an APA bibliography style are:
• Double-space all entries.
• Use hanging indent paragraph style (align the first line with the left margin,
and indent all subsequent lines three spaces from the left margin).
• Type all authors’ names with the last name first, separated by a comma. Use
only initials for the first and middle names, and an ampersand (&) rather than
"and" before the last author’s name.
• In titles of books and articles, begin only the first word of each title,
subtitle, and proper name with a capital letter. In the titles of journals, begin all
significant words with a capital letter.
• Use italics or underlines for the titles of books and periodicals.
• Do not underline or use quotation marks around the titles of periodical
articles.
• Give the full names of publishers, excluding "Co.," "Inc.,"
and the like.
• Use the abbreviation "p." or "pp." before page numbers in
books, magazines, and newspapers, but not for scholarly journals.
• Separate each portion of each bibliography entry with a period followed by two
spaces.
Below are example entries for different kinds of material you might need to include in
a bibliography. To create your bibliography, delete the guideline information in this
paragraph and in the paragraphs above, and then replace the following reference examples
with your own references using the format indicated in the examples.
A book with one author
Josephson, M. (1959). Edison:
a biography. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
A book with two or more authors
Cole, B. & Gealt, A. (1989). Art
of the western world: from ancient Greece to post-modernism. New York: Summit Books.
A book with an editor
Hersch, Jr., E.D. (Ed.) (1991).
What your first grader needs to know: fundamentals of a good first-grade education.
New York: Doubleday.
A translation of a book
Rilke, R.M. (1939). Duino
elegies. (J.B. Leishman and S. Spender, trans.) New York: W.W. Norton.
An anonymous book
The Chicago manual of style:
fourteenth edition. (1993). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
A later edition of a book
Scully, V. (1988). American
architecture and urbanism (new revised edition). New York: Henry Holt.
A work in more than one volume
Magill, F.N., ed. (1961). Masterpieces
of world philosophy in summary form (Vols. 1-2). New York: Salem Press.
A signed article in a journal
McCartney, K. (1984). The effect
of a quality day care environment upon children’s language development. Developmental
Psychology, 20, pp. 244-60.
A signed article in a monthly magazine
Beardsley, T. (1994). For whom
the bell curve really tolls. Scientific American, January 1995, Volume 272, Number
1, pp. 14-17.
A signed article in a daily newspaper
Moore, M. (1994, December 27).
Speculation irks Flores. Journal American, Section D, p. 1.
An unsigned article
What Vietnam did to us. (1981,
December 14). Newsweek, pp. 46-97.
A film or videotape
Hand, D. (Supervising Director)
and Disney, W. (Producer). (1937). Snow White and the seven dwarfs. [Videotape].
Burbank, CA: The Walt Disney Company.
Computer software
Microsoft Works for Windows 95
(1995). [Computer program]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft.
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